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Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by bacterial endotoxins: Routes and intermediate signals
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Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by bacterial endotoxins: Routes and intermediate signals
Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by bacterial endotoxins: Routes and intermediate signals
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Fred J.H. TildersCorresponding Author Contact Information, 1, Roel H. DeRuk1, *, Anne-Marie Van Dam1, Valerie A.M. Vincent1, Karel Schotanus1 and Jek H.A. Persoons2
1Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute Neurosciences Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Available online 17 March 2003.
Abstract
Peripheral administration of endotoxin induces brain-mediated responses, including activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and changes in thermoregulation. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which endotoxin affects these responses. The effects on theroregulaton are complex and include macrophage-dependent hyperthermic and hypothermic responses. Low doses of endotoxin, given IP, activate peripheral macrophages to produce interleukin (IL)-1β, which enters the circulation and acts as a hormonal signal. IL-1 may pass fenestrated endothelium in the median eminence to stimulate corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the CRH nerve-terminals. In addition, IL-1 may activate brain endothelial cells to produce IL-1, IL-6, prostaglandins, etc., and secrete these substances into the brain. By paracrine actions, these substances may affect neurons (e.g., CRH neurons) or act on microglial cells, which show IL-1-induced IL-1 production and therefore amplify and prolong the intracerebral IL-1 signal. In contrast, high doses of endotoxin given IV may directly stimulate endothelial cells to produce IL-1. IL-6, and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and thereby activate the HPA axis in a macrophage-independent manner.
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a<r- Admin
- Posts : 819
Join date : 2011-05-12
Age : 33
Re: Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by bacterial endotoxins: Routes and intermediate signals
Interesting.
Indium is known as a trace mineral working on the HPA axis as well.
For ordering indium at the best price on the internet, check http://www.orvive.fr/
Indium is known as a trace mineral working on the HPA axis as well.
For ordering indium at the best price on the internet, check http://www.orvive.fr/
Lw- Posts : 106
Join date : 2010-02-22
Age : 38
Location : Paris, France
Re: Activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by bacterial endotoxins: Routes and intermediate signals
Got this from iherb but didn't try yet
http://www.iherb.com/Indiumease-The-Silver-Bullet-1-2-oz-90-Day-Supply/6146?at=0
http://www.iherb.com/Indiumease-The-Silver-Bullet-1-2-oz-90-Day-Supply/6146?at=0
pancacke- Posts : 1644
Join date : 2010-07-22
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